\u003c/p>\u003cp >Many leak detection devices have built-in alerting capabilities, issuing an audible alarm (horn) and/or flashing lights to indicate the detection of refrigerant at a specified parts per minute (PPM) setting. Sensors are typically connected to a system controller that receives PPM readings and determines when a leak is present. \u003cbr />\u003c/p>\u003cp >System and case controllers can be programmed to perform a variety of actions upon leak detection:\u003c/p>\u003cul >\u003cli >Generate audible and/or visual alarms.\u003c/li>\u003cli >Send signal to rack controller to perform desired actions (e.g., trigger isolation valves, shut down compressor).\u003c/li>\u003cli >Leverage early leak detection algorithms.\u003c/li>\u003cli >Provide more visibility to the location of leaks.\u003c/li>\u003c/ul>\u003cp >\u003cbr />Communication among the connected system controller, case controls, leak detectors and sensors is critical for ensuring holistic system analysis and visibility to refrigerant leaks.\u003c/p>"},"type":"text","actions":["eLvrAKEFfYr"],"cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"e7Iqchq7bI3","type":"section","children":["ednse0hBatY"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"evT9mIhUYVG","content":{"text":"\u003ch2 >Leak detection strategies with emerging refrigerants\u003c/h2>\u003cp >In emerging lower-GWP systems, specific leak detection strategies are needed to address refrigerant characteristics and/or equipment infrastructures. For example, because CO\u003csub >2\u003c/sub> (R-744) has much higher system operating pressures than legacy HFC refrigerants, maintaining optimal refrigerant charge is critical to optimize system performance. Because A2L refrigerants have a “lower flammability” classification, safety standards often require the use of leak detection and other risk mitigation measures in higher-charge remote condensing unit systems.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >CO\u003c/strong>\u003csub >\u003cstrong >2\u003c/strong>\u003c/sub>\u003cstrong > transcritical booster system\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong >\u003cbr />\u003c/strong>Large, centralized systems are typically charged with up to 2,000 pounds of refrigerant. Although R-744 can be toxic in high concentrations, it is usually safe to vent outside due to its low-GWP and zero ozone depletion potential (ODP). In addition to the potential risk to human health of exposure in excessive concentrations in confined spaces, R-744 leaks can potentially impair system performance, degrade perishable product quality, and negatively impact retail operations by:\u003c/p>\u003cul >\u003cli >Reducing energy efficiencies.\u003c/li>\u003cli >Starving cases at the furthest location of refrigeration circuits.\u003c/li>\u003cli >Leading to perishable product damage or loss.\u003c/li>\u003cli >Incurring unnecessary refrigerant replacement costs.\u003c/li>\u003cli >Shutting down a refrigeration system. \u003c/li>\u003c/ul>\u003cp >\u003cbr />CO\u003csub >2\u003c/sub> leak detection strategies should be designed for early identification of even small amounts of leaked refrigerant. This is especially recommended in enclosed spaces, near racks in machine rooms and in walk-in coolers and freezers (WICFs). Because R-744 is heavier than air and often undetectable by human senses, sensors should be located near the ground and connected to the leak detection control devices. Leak detection devices should be connected to a CO\u003csub >2\u003c/sub> system control capable of generating alarms and performing a variety of system management functions, including providing early detection of slow leaks, activating isolation and safety shutoff valves, identifying the sources of leaks for accelerated issue resolution, and managing system pressures.\u003c/p>\u003cp >\u003cstrong >A2L refrigeration\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong >\u003cbr />\u003c/strong>Mildly flammable A2L refrigerants are poised for wider adoption and likely will be used in self-contained or remote condensing and/or distributed systems. A2L refrigerants have varying degrees of lower flammability limits (LFLs), which become a key factor in determining charge limits and evaluating if leak detection may be required.\u003c/p>\u003cp >Per recent updates to the UL 60335-2-89 safety standard, self-contained, factory-charged systems with more than 150 grams of a flammable refrigerant — such as A2Ls and R-290 — must pass Annex CC testing requirements. Self-contained systems must be factory-charged and follow specific protocols and construction guidelines to prevent flammable refrigerant concentrations from surrounding the appliance in the event of a leak (or releasable charge). \u003c/p>\u003cp >As such, leak detection is not required in self-contained equipment that passes Annex CC testing. Otherwise, leak detection may be considered an additional safety measure in applications where gas could potentially form in flammable concentrations and present a safety risk to occupants (e.g., enclosed areas, such as a walk-in cooler).\u003c/p>\u003cp >Per UL 60335-2-89, remote, field-erected distributed systems can have much higher allowable A2L refrigerant charges (i.e., potentially up to hundreds of pounds). Leak detection is one of many safety management and/or risk mitigation methods that could be required in certain systems that meet the safety criteria based on the specific refrigerant LFL, application size and equipment and/or system type, the room volume of the installation location, and the use of additional air circulation and/or ventilation measures.\u003c/p>\u003cp >A2L leak detection strategies are designed to identify the early formation of refrigerant concentrations. When required, leak detection will be located near the ground level next to case evaporators — in enclosed walk-in spaces, on a condensing unit, or on a refrigeration rack. Detectors and sensors are typically set to detect the presence of leaked refrigerant per a defined PPM or at 25% of the LFL (well below a flammable concentration).\u003c/p>\u003cp >The sensor and/or leak detection device is integrated into the case controller to activate necessary risk mitigation measures, such as triggering audible and/or visual alarms, shutting off or isolating refrigerant flow, turning on fans to improve circulation and dilute refrigerant concentrations, and communicating with the system controller to feed data analytics.\u003c/p>\u003ch2 >\u003cstrong >Fully integrated leak detection solutions \u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\u003cp >Whether you’re trying to preserve legacy HFC refrigerants in your current equipment or make the transition to the next generation of lower-GWP refrigerants, leak detection should be an essential component of your refrigeration strategy — and a system requirement in certain cases. \u003c/p>"},"type":"text","cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"ebQejEBGuUn","type":"section","children":["evT9mIhUYVG"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"ek_jsV0U1jh","content":{"src":{"key":"cBNb9x54hP","url":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82/private/KaxzywoIf0Rx41JdO6oEbX8EsUI3/image/cBNb9x54hP.jpg","ratio":0.75},"children":[]},"type":"image","cl":"image"},{"key":"e_JMcERP2B7","content":{"text":"\u003ch3 >\u003cstrong >Mike Hill\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\u003ch4 >Mike HIll is refrigeration system solutions architect at Copeland. Over a career spanning more than 30 years, Hill has worked in the HVAC, electrical, and refrigeration control industry. He earned a degree in electronics and computer technology from the Control Data Institute in Atlanta.\u003c/h4>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text p-_Js1xJSc"},{"key":"e_qqDGd_A3z","content":{"children":[],"cont":{"tablet":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1608217389567,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":1,"delay":0.3,"once":true,"translateY":["6%","0"],"preset":"slide","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"desktop":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1608217389567,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":1,"delay":0.3,"once":true,"translateY":["6%","0"],"preset":"slide","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}},"mobile":{"params":{"trigger":"Load","updated":1608217389567,"LoadAnimation":{"duration":1,"delay":0.3,"once":true,"translateY":["6%","0"],"preset":"slide","opacity":[0,1],"easing":"easeOutQuart"}}}}},"type":"w75y8u1c","cl":"w75y8u1c"},{"key":"eNQrj6hDUUh","content":{"children":[]},"type":"section","actions":["e_qqDGd_A3z"],"children":["ek_jsV0U1jh","e_JMcERP2B7"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"eChXMFGIn2G","content":{"children":[]},"type":"rectangle","cl":"rectangle"},{"key":"ehpFuedhx5v","content":{"src":{"key":"nDp0WkHoBt","url":"https://cdn.vev.design/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,q=82/private/KaxzywoIf0Rx41JdO6oEbX8EsUI3/image/nDp0WkHoBt.jpg","ratio":1.6363636363636365},"children":[]},"type":"image","cl":"image"},{"key":"edb2u9b0Rcq","content":{"text":"\u003ch4 >Coming up next ...\u003c/h4>\u003ch2 >\u003cstrong >'Variable-variable' emerges as a viable enhancement to primary-secondary for commercial hydronic systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>","children":[]},"type":"text","cl":"text pnyIbvpAvt"},{"key":"e-FI4exm8-s","content":{"children":[],"link":{"mode":0,"page":"poCrUpFtXxF"}},"type":"external-link","cl":"external-link"},{"key":"eVVQY1VhiCG","content":{"children":[]},"type":"frame","actions":["e-FI4exm8-s"],"children":["eChXMFGIn2G","ehpFuedhx5v","edb2u9b0Rcq"],"cl":"frame"},{"key":"e_3z_wF3roW","content":{"children":[]},"type":"section","children":["eVVQY1VhiCG"],"cl":"section"},{"key":"eEvPVGOvHUJ","content":{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pKEO3CF_5i-"}},"type":"external-link","cl":"external-link"},{"key":"ebJzhdnL_l5","content":{"text":"\u003cdiv>\u003cp >Table Of Contents\u003c/p>\u003c/div>"},"type":"text","actions":["eEvPVGOvHUJ"],"cl":"text"},{"key":"eg7I1BDF3fU","content":{"link":{"mode":0,"page":"pQ_tSND9zxs"}},"type":"external-link","cl":"external-link"},{"key":"eRZlUOo0LRL","content":{"src":"4fH1Di577"},"type":"image","actions":["eg7I1BDF3fU"],"cl":"image"},{"key":"eRHayKfpmQS","content":{"text":"\u003cp >March 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href=\"https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/air-conditioner-repair-preparing-to-charge-system-royalty-free-image/184355875\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem >Getty Images\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>","children":[]},"type":"text","actions":["e0SCH4auJ0L"],"cl":"text 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